Categories for Uncategorized

CFP: Things I love about SRE that I loathe about DevOps

Januar 28, 2020 8:32 pm Veröffentlicht von

DevOps & SRE – what is it?

Let’s define what those terms mean.

DevOps means, the same team building the software is responsible for running it. This can be easiest imagined for software that is operated by the vendor themselves, i.e. cloud services. The idea is, no one knows the software better than the developers, so no one could better operate and fix in-flight issues than them. On the other hand, developers have high interest in building software that is easiest to operate, if they operate it themselves. Issues found during operations can be addressed immediatly.

SRE is a concept where one team is responsible for running one or more services. Again, imagine a company building cloud services. They may all have similar requirements in operations, so why not create a dedicated team to run them all. This team contains software developers to automate common tasks that emerge when running the services to minimize manual efforts. SRE teams monitor the software to spot issues as soon as they appear and fix them in the best case before a customer notices them.

Which DevOps problems may SRE solve?

In DevOps, having a team that runs software and a separate team that builds it, is a well-known anti-pattern.

“If you have a DevOps team, you’re doing it wrong”

This quote can be found in many tweets, blog posts, and conference talks. But when it comes to SRE, this is a common pattern. One team is building software, another team is running it, and building software to improve running it.

In DevOps, you usually find a specific support role being rotated through the team. That means everybody is in that role for example for a week out of 10, given a team of 10 members.

Working in this support role usually has very different requirements than the usual development work.

The context can get completely lost during the transition into the support role (which often comes as surprise on Monday mornings). And once context is built up and the developer feels comfortable in that role, his shift ends and the support context is again lost.

This results in people hating to get into the support role, which also makes it less attractive to build things that improve the supportability of the software.

In SRE teams, people are on call as well every few weeks, often even 50% of their time. Why don’t they dislike it? The difference is the focus of the team. When not on call, developers in the SRE team work on improving the support. They are less involved in actual product code, but rather build software to ease the operations. For example, to automate updates and other maintenance tasks.

DevOps: supportability vs. new features
SRE: supportability = new features
DevOps: Dev team learning ops all together
SRE: Ops learning from devs and devs learning from Ops

Agile development in SRE teams

As SRE teams contain a fair portion of software development work, and get filled up by software developers, it is a natural move to also adapt agile software development practices. It depends heavily on the percentage of development work vs operations, which may be influenced by the team size, to find the right model to track and manage the project work. For example, in a small team where a high percentage of people is on call during the day, it might not make too much sense to plan sprints of 2 weeks if only a few backlog items are expected to get done in that timeframe.

Key Takeaways of this talk

By the end of this talk about the differences between SRE and DevOps working styles, attendees should have awareness (1) what the most significant differences between DevOps and SRE are, (2) A successful team running DevOps or SRE needs experienced Ops as well as Dev people, (3) If team members greatly dislike getting into the operating role, the team should work hard on improving the support experience.

Ruby best practice: Implementing operator == and ensuring it doesn’t break

März 8, 2019 12:42 pm Veröffentlicht von

In ruby, comparing hashes, strings and objects is a complicated topic. Should you use equal?, eql? or ==? There is plenty of help on this topic, but in this post, we will focus on the interesting behavior of the == operator and how you can make it behave as you need it for your use case.

When comparing Hashes in Ruby, the == operator compares the content of a hash recursively.

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my_hash = {
    :sub_hash => {
        :value => 42
    }
}

my_second_hash = {
    :sub_hash => {
        :value => 42
    }
}

my_third_hash = {
    :sub_hash => {
        :value => 21
    }
}

puts "my_hash == my_second_hash? #{my_hash == my_second_hash}"
puts "my_hash == my_third_hash? #{my_hash == my_third_hash}"


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my_hash == my_second_hash? true
my_hash == my_third_hash? false

Unfortunately, when comparing objects of arbitrary classes, the default operator only compares the object identity.

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class MyClass
  def initialize(value)
    @value = value
  end
end

my_object = MyClass.new(42)
my_second_object = MyClass.new(42)

puts "my_object == my_second_object? #{my_object == my_second_object}"


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my_object == my_second_object? false

If you want to do a deep comparison of objects of your class, you need to implement your own operator == by overriding the existing operator.

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class MyClass
  attr_reader :value

  def initialize(value)
    @value = value
  end

  def ==(other)
    other.respond_to?("value") && value == other.value
  end
end

my_object = MyClass.new(42)
my_second_object = MyClass.new(42)

puts "my_object == my_second_object? #{my_object == my_second_object}"


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my_object == my_second_object? true

That was easy. But imagine this was a bigger class and someone else needed to add a property, not being aware of the existence of this operator and some other code depending on it to ensure no public member of the object changed. How can you ensure such a change doesn’t sneak in unnoticed?

I stumbled across the following solution when implementing an operator == for a class in the BOSH code together with my colleague Max.

As BOSH code is written in TDD – and your code should be as well – writing a test that breaks with a change as the one described above should ensure the operator to keep working. But how can such a test look like?

Consider the following change to our code above:

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class MyClass
  attr_reader :value
  attr_reader :value_new

  def initialize(value)
    @value = value
    @value_new = value
  end

  def ==(other)
    other.respond_to?("value") && value == other.value
  end
end

my_object = MyClass.new(42)
my_second_object = MyClass.new(42)

puts "my_object == my_second_object? #{my_object == my_second_object}"

To detect the variable @value_new has been added using rspec can be done with a test like the following:

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require './object_compare_op'

describe :MyClass do
  describe 'operator ==' do
    context 'when instance variables are modified' do
      let :obj do
        MyClass.new(42)
      end
      let :other_obj do
        MyClass.new(42)
      end

      all_members = MyClass.new(0).instance_variables.map { |var| var.to_s.tr('@', '') }
      all_members.each do |member|
        it "returns false when #{member} is modified" do
          eval <<-END_EVAL
            class MyClass
              def modify_#{member}
               @#{member} = 'foo'
              end
            end
          END_EVAL
          obj.send("modify_#{member}")
          expect(obj == other_obj).to(
            equal(false),
            "Modification of #{member} not detected by == operator.",
          )
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

The variable @value_new only has an attribute reader, so we cannot simply assign a new value. But this doesn’t stop you from changing the value. Not in Ruby. Using the eval in the test, we add a method for all existing instance variables of MyClass (one in each iteration) that modifies the member.

Afterwards, the newly added method is called to change the value of the member and the expect checks if the operator detects the modification. And – for our code above – will fail. Hence, whenever someone adds a new member to MyClass, he will be reminded to also it to the operator == by this test. Even if the code of test itself might not be as speaking, the output of the failing test is:

 Modification of value_new not detected by == operator.

In some situations you may want to exclude a member from this check as it is just internal or not important to the equality of two objects. To enable this, we added an exclude list for private members to the test. This adds a bit of complexity to adding new members to the class as the test will bother you and you also have to add the member to the exclude list, but it improves the safety of your operator ==.

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require './object_compare_op'

describe :MyClass do
  describe 'operator ==' do
    context 'when instance variables are modified' do
      let :obj do
        MyClass.new(42)
      end
      let :other_obj do
        MyClass.new(42)
      end

      all_members = MyClass.new(0).instance_variables.map { |var| var.to_s.tr('@', '') }
      private_members = %w[value_new]
      public_members = all_members - private_members
      public_members.each do |member|
        it "returns false when #{member} is modified" do
          eval <<-END_EVAL
            class MyClass
              def modify_#{member}
               @#{member} = 'foo'
              end
            end
          END_EVAL
          obj.send("modify_#{member}")
          expect(obj == other_obj).to(
            equal(false),
            "Modification of #{member} not detected by == operator.",
          )
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

With this kind of test, you can easily implement comparison operators for your classes that check for object equality rather than identity and ensure you do not forget to add new members of the class also to the comparison.
You can take a look at productive code in the BOSH code base hier kontaktieren. As you may see it’s not much different to what I presented here – it’s a universal approach to solve the problem.

Raspberry Pi powered Wifi Pictureframe

März 6, 2019 7:09 am Veröffentlicht von
Some days ago I wrote an post about building a picture frame using a Raspberry Pi. The article has been published on opensource.com. The software to show the slideshow has been written by myself and published on github as I wasn’t happy with all the existing solutions. As they either involve using a GL rendered xscreensaver which was terribly slow on the Raspberry Pi or installing Kodi which I think is kind of overkill, just to get a slide show.
Also I wanted the nice feature of a blurred, screen-filling version of the image displayed in the background. This is not possible using the xscreensaver slide show.
Take a look at it if you are as well looking for a lightweight slide show software and let me know what you think!

    Ansible: Passing arrays to BASH scripts

    Januar 7, 2019 7:56 am Veröffentlicht von

    When using Ansible, it may become handy sooner or later to invoke a BASH script in one of you playbooks. Invoking a BASH script in Ansible can be done using a simple shell task:

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    ---
- hosts: 127.0.0.1
  connection: local
  tasks:
      - name: ensure stuff is done
        shell: ./do_stuff.sh

    This task will execute the bash script do_stuff.sh. Sometimes, it is also necessary to configure the behaviour of the BASH script you are executing. The simplest way to do so is passing environment variables to the bash script as done in the following example.

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    ---
- hosts: 127.0.0.1
  connection: local
  tasks:
      - name: ensure custom stuff is done
        shell: ./do_stuff.sh
        environment:
            STUFF: some_stuff

    In the BASH script we can now work with the environment variable as usual:

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    #!/bin/bash

echo $STUFF > /tmp/stuff.txt

    If we now want to pass multiple values in environment variable as array to the BASH script, we have two different options. Either we pass the array as string, or we parse the array output of Ansible in the bash script.

    Option 1: Pass array as string

    The first option is to pass the multiple values as string instead of a YAML array. In the following example, we separate them by spaces, which results in a single environment variable ARRAY being set when executing the BASH script.

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    ---
- hosts: 127.0.0.1
  connection: local
  tasks:
      - name: pass array as string
        shell: ./do_stuff_string.sh
        environment:
            ARRAY: one two three

    To handle those values as array in our BASH script, we simply surround the value of the environment variable with parentheses. Afterwards the ARRAY variable is a BASH array containing the values one, two, and three.

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    #!/bin/bash

ARRAY=($ARRAY)
:> /tmp/stuff_string.txt
for a in "${ARRAY[@]}"; do
    echo $a >> /tmp/stuff_string.txt
done

    Option 2: Parse array

    The second option is much more readable in the Ansible playbook. We define the values as array in YAML:
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    ---
- hosts: 127.0.0.1
  connection: local
  tasks:
      - name: pass array as array
        shell: ./do_stuff_array.sh
        environment:
            ARRAY:
            - one
            - two
            - three

    Unfortunately, this environment variable is still set as string, now containing a python string representation of the array:

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    [u'one', u'two', u'three']

    To parse the array in the BASH script, the simplest way is to use python again, which is able to handle this value out of the box.

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    #!/bin/bash

ARRAY=($(python <<< "print(' '.join($ARRAY))"))
:> /tmp/stuff_array.txt
for a in "${ARRAY[@]}"; do
    echo $a >> /tmp/stuff_array.txt
done

    With the python one-liner in line 3, ARRAY again is a BASH array with the values one, two, and three and can be processed further.

    Please note that, to be able to get array elements with spaces passed by ansible, we need to change the array seperator as the following version of the script shows. Otherwise, bash would recognize every single word as separate element of the array:

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    #!/bin/bash
IFS=

    We have seen 2 different options to pass an array from Ansible to a BASH script. Option 1, passing it as a simple string variable has some implications, for example an array containing values with spaces might result in a less readable YAML line. Option 2, defining the array as YAML array and parsing it in your BASH script with python makes the definition better readable and more solid, but adds a dependency to python for your BASH script.

    If simple one-word arguments need to be set for your script, option 1 might still be a good option as it is easier to handle in the BASH script and doesn’t include a dependency to python.
    Nevertheless, for more complex playbooks or values in the array, I recommend option 2 as the cleaner solution.

    n’
    ARRAY=( $(python <<< “print(‘n’.join($ARRAY))”) )
    echo “${ARRAY[@]}”
    for a in “${ARRAY[@]}”; do
    echo “$a”
    done
    We have seen 2 different options to pass an array from Ansible to a BASH script. Option 1, passing it as a simple string variable has some implications, for example an array containing values with spaces might result in a less readable YAML line. Option 2, defining the array as YAML array and parsing it in your BASH script with python makes the definition better readable and more solid, but adds a dependency to python for your BASH script.

    If simple one-word arguments need to be set for your script, option 1 might still be a good option as it is easier to handle in the BASH script and doesn’t include a dependency to python.
    Nevertheless, for more complex playbooks or values in the array, I recommend option 2 as the cleaner solution.

    Use Ansible to clone & update private git repositories via ssh

    Juli 7, 2018 7:21 am Veröffentlicht von

    One of the first things I wanted to do when I started using Ansible was to clone a git repository on a remote machine as I keep configuration, scripts, and source code in github or gitlab repositories. Things that are not meant for the public, I store in private repositories that I want to clone via ssh. Cloning and updating them I now want to automate with Ansible.

    There are different ways to go for this task:

    • Checkout the repo locally and copy it to the server via a Ansible synchronize task
    • Generate an ssh key on the server and allow cloning the repo with that key manually
    • Copy a local ssh key to the server and allow cloning the repo with that key
    • use ssh-agent to load the local key and forward the agent to the server
    While it might be tempting to just copy an ssh key via Ansible to the remote server, I find this quite risky,  as it means you copy a secret to a persistent storage on a remote server. Also, if you version your Ansible playbooks in a git repository as well to be able to execute the playbook from somewhere else, the private key has to be versioned along with it.

    Using ssh-agent, you can easily load your ssh key prior to provisioning the git repo on the remote server without copying it over, and without allowing access to your repo for a different key than the one you have granted access for development.
    Let’s go through this via a simple example. Let’s say you want to run the following playbook, which includes ensuring the git repository github.com/ntlx/my-private-repo is up-to-date.

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    ---
- hosts: webserver
  tasks:
      - name: Ensure repo is up-to-date
        git:
            repo: git@github.com/ntlx/my-private-repo.git
            dest: repos/my-private-repo
    I assume you added your public ssh key to your github.com repository so you are able to clone and work on the repository locally. To clone the repository on the remote machine, you need to load your ssh-key to ssh-agent with the following command.

    ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa

    Now we need to enable the forwarding of the ssh agent to the remote machine so we can access the loaded key remotely. There are different ways to do so, but I find it most useful to do it in your ansible.cfg like this:

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    [ssh_connection]
ssh_args=-o ForwardAgent=yes

    That way, you allow the forwarding for all your Ansible-managed hosts at once.

    Now you can go on executing your playbook and should be able to clone the repository on the remote host.

    To make it even easier, we can add a task to load the ssh-key before executing the other tasks in the playbook. For this, add the local host to your Ansible inventory:

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    [local]
local_machine ansible_connection=local ansible_host=localhost

    Now we can add a small shell task to load the ssh-key:

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    ---
- hosts: local
- name: load ssh key
  shell: |
      ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa

- hosts: webserver
  tasks:
      - name: Ensure repo is up-to-date
        git:
            repo: git@github.com/ntlx/my-private-repo.git
            dest: repos/my-private-repo

    When you now execute the playbook, you shouldn’t need to load the ssh-key before.